Code list management supported through a controlled domain vocabulary

Standards like the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) basically specifies classes and the relations among them. However, this methodology cannot catch the richness of variations of the domain, and therefore code lists are introduced as a supplement. In fact, the LADM mentions a number of code lists for each of the packages of the standard. The codes with name and description are not part of the standard; rather, examples are provided in an informative Annex J of the standard, while the specification of the code lists is left to ‘User communities [who] have to define and manage their own values when implementing this International [LADM] Standard’. As the mentioned user communities all belong to the domain of Land Administration, the specification of code lists would benefit from applying a shared or harmonized terminology. The alternative would lead to communication problems and costs. Within other domains, e.g. agriculture, economy, and environment, controlled vocabularies have been developed (AGROVOC; STW–Thesaurus for Economics; GEMET), each amounting to several thousand terms. The Cadastre and Land Administration Thesaurus (CaLAThe) was issued 2011, based on the then draft version of LADM. The present CaLAThe version 3 of 2019 was extended to about 200 terms, reflecting also the terms of the OGC Land and Infrastructure Conceptual Model Standard (LandInfra) of 2016. The paper explores the potential of applying CaLAThe for code list management, motivated among others by the decision by ISO/TC 211 to revise LADM in terms of a Stage 0-project. Semantic web tools are investigated in order to provide for more explicit semantics of code list values (cf. van Oosterom et al., 2019), in line with previous proposals (Paasch et al., 2015) and (Stubkjær et al., 2018). Moreover, suggestions for international cooperation are outlined

Developing the refined survey model for the LADM revision supporting interoperability with LandInfra

The origin of surveying has a close connection with the designation of land boundaries, while cadastral surveying is a means of defining the limits of properties, thus forming the basis for land administration, serving as an important tool to gather, assess, and update geographical spatial data. Accurate description and record of land are the fundamentals to their rational use and conservation and form the core of wellestablished Land Admini stration Systems (LASs). Although surveying models and approaches are important for Cadastres and LASs, they are not always documented in detail, while with the rapid advances in technology and geoinformation they need to be revised quite often. The ISO 1 9152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which focuses on standardised modelling of information at the conceptual level, has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spa tial representations, and the ongoing LADM revision shall support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, considering the evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice. A conceptual model of the refined surve y model is expected to be included in Part 2 of the new edition of the standard, while its technical implementation(s) covering both 2D and 3D boundaries in Part 6. This paper aims to present the fundamentals of the refined Survey Model of LADM Edition I considering the need to support the interconnection with the everI, evolving surveying methods and acquisition techniques in a standardised way, including among others the Galileo High Accuracy Services requirements and the alignment with other standards, as well as participatory methods. One of the standards which synergy with LADM is investigated in this paper is the OGC LandInfra, and specifically Part 6 “Survey”, that provides a framework for information about observations, processes and their results collected during survey. The development of the proposed model was informed by two case studies using survey plans according to Danish practice and cadastral data from the Hellenic Cadastre

Developing the refined survey model for the LADM revision supporting interoperability with LandInfra

The origin of surveying has a close connection with the designation of land boundaries, while cadastral surveying is a means of defining the limits of properties, thus forming the basis for land administration, serving as an important tool to gather, assess, and update geographical spatial data. Accurate description and record of land are the fundamentals to their rational use and conservation and form the core of wellestablished Land Admini stration Systems (LASs). Although surveying models and approaches are important for Cadastres and LASs, they are not always documented in detail, while with the rapid advances in technology and geoinformation they need to be revised quite often. The ISO 1 9152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), which focuses on standardised modelling of information at the conceptual level, has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spa tial representations, and the ongoing LADM revision shall support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, considering the evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice. A conceptual model of the refined surve y model is expected to be included in Part 2 of the new edition of the standard, while its technical implementation(s) covering both 2D and 3D boundaries in Part 6. This paper aims to present the fundamentals of the refined Survey Model of LADM Edition I considering the need to support the interconnection with the everI, evolving surveying methods and acquisition techniques in a standardised way, including among others the Galileo High Accuracy Services requirements and the alignment with other standards, as well as participatory methods. One of the standards which synergy with LADM is investigated in this paper is the OGC LandInfra, and specifically Part 6 “Survey”, that provides a framework for information about observations, processes and their results collected during survey. The development of the proposed model was informed by two case studies using survey plans according to Danish practice and cadastral data from the Hellenic Cadastre.GIS Technologi

Investigating the requirements for the ISO 19152 LADM survey encodings

The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), focuses on standardised modelling of land information at the conceptual level, and together with LADM’s three main packages, it has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatial representations, and a rather generic survey model based on the ISO 19156:2011 Observations and Measurement Standard (O&M). As an ISO standard, the LADM is subject to periodic revision, and currently, its revision is ongoing and among other refinements, the enhanced support of the surveying model, both at conceptual and implementation level is expected. In this scene, in order for LADM to support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, a refinement is ongoing considering the recent evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice. Therefore, a refined survey model has been prepared and is included at the New Working Item Proposal for LADM Edition II – Part 2, with various data acquisition techniques, as presented in this paper. Based on it and on the experience and requirements from the industry and the standardization organisations, this paper presents the requirements that encoding formats should fulfill to support the revised surveying model

Investigating the Requirements for the ISO 19152 LADM Survey Encodings

The ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), focuses on standardised modelling of land information at the conceptual level, and together with LADM’s three main packages, it has a dedicated sub package for Spatial and Surveying representation. The first edition of the standard provides multiple spatial representations, and a rather generic survey model based on the ISO 19156:2011 Observations and Measurement Standard (O&M). As an ISO standard, the LADM is subject to periodic revision, and currently, its revision is ongoing and among other refinements, the enhanced support of the surveying model, both at conceptual and implementation level is expected. In this scene, in order for LADM to support a broad range in surveying and data acquisition approaches and accuracies, a refinement is ongoing considering the recent evolution of technology and the encodings used in practice. Therefore, a refined survey model has been prepared and is included at the New Working Item Proposal for LADM Edition II – Part 2, with various data acquisition techniques, as presented in this paper. Based on it and on the experience and requirements from the industry and the standardization organisations, this paper presents the requirements that encoding formats should fulfill to support the revised surveying model.GIS Technologi